相反的，子宮頸抹片檢查在所有種類的癌症篩檢中則具有最好的成本效益。以公共衛生考量來看，子宮頸癌的病程發展通常十分緩慢，長達數年，又具有明顯的危險因子（性接觸），因此有相當高的機會可在癌症仍是早期時篩檢出來，最重要的是，抹片的成本很低，能夠大量推行。基於這些原因，一項癌症篩檢是否應該進行，民眾的健康改善程度和篩檢的成本與治療的風險都必須列入考慮。

放射治疗即常说的放疗，根据其治疗方式及适应证可分为根治性放疗、姑息性 放疗和联合治疗，具体内容可参考百度百科及百度药典，在此不过多介绍。但需要 注意，放疗并不一定能完全治疗癌症，且在治疗过程中会出现诸多不良反应，如 乏力、恶心、厌食、皮肤痒肿、口咽疼痛、局部毛发脱落、神经损伤、心肺功能 异常（如干咳、气喘等）、胃肠功能紊乱（如恶心、呕吐、体重下降等）等。

保持健康体重。超重或肥胖可能增加您患癌症的风险。通过健康饮食和定期运动相结合，努力达到并保持健康体重。

Not like treatment that is certainly directed at instantly killing cancer cells, the main intention of palliative treatment is to further improve Standard of living.

DNA fix inhibition is proposed for being a predominant system in large metallic-induced carcinogenicity. In addition, Repeated epigenetic alterations in the DNA sequences code for little RNAs known as microRNAs (or miRNAs). miRNAs will not code for proteins, but can "goal" protein-coding genes and cut down their expression.

Individuals who endure cancer create a next Principal cancer at about two times the speed of People under no circumstances diagnosed.[208] The greater threat is considered to become a result of the random chance of producing any most cancers, the likelihood of surviving the primary most cancers, exactly the same possibility aspects that produced the very first most cancers, unwanted Uncomfortable side effects of managing the first cancer (especially radiation therapy), and greater compliance with screening.[208]

The afflicted genes are divided into two wide classes. Oncogenes are genes that promote cell expansion and replica. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit mobile division and survival. Malignant transformation can come about with the development of novel oncogenes, the inappropriate above-expression of normal oncogenes, or with the less than-expression or disabling of tumor suppressor genes.

A substantial proportion of cancers are adenocarcinomas, with common histopathology characteristics demonstrated, although they range considerably from circumstance to scenario. Cancers are categorized by the kind of cell the tumor cells resemble which is for that reason presumed to be the origin of the tumor. These kinds contain:

确定用于癌症预防和控制的“最合算措施”和其他具有成本效益的重点策略；

不斷增生的癌細胞撐破腫瘤，癌細胞因而擴散至腫瘤周遭的組織及鄰近的淋巴結甚至更遠處。此時癌細胞流竄於原始病灶附近，必需借助循環全身的化學治療藥物治療。

Huge-scale mutations entail the deletion or get of the part of a chromosome. Genomic amplification occurs every time a mobile gains copies (generally twenty or even more) of a little chromosomal locus, commonly made up of one or more oncogenes and adjacent genetic materials. Translocation occurs when two independent chromosomal regions turn out to be abnormally fused, frequently in a attribute site.

避免暴露于紫外线辐射（这主要源于阳光暴晒和人工晒黑设备)和/或采取防晒措施；

用醫學影像技術檢測癌症，也遭遇類似問題。這些醫學影像檢測技術都是成本相當高且耗費時間。由於偵測的靈敏度極高，常發現細胞病變（英语：incidentaloma），這樣的腫瘤也可以被認為惡性，而進行具有潛在危險性的治療方法。

Carcinoma: Cancers derived from epithelial cells. This group incorporates most of the commonest cancers and include almost all Those people within the breast, 癌症 prostate, lung, pancreas and colon. The majority of these are in the adenocarcinoma sort, which suggests that the most cancers has gland-like differentiation.